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## Section: New Results

### Non-linear Perron-Frobenius theory, nonexpansive mappings and metric geometry

#### Order isomorphisms and antimorphisms on cones

Participant : Cormac Walsh.

We have been studying non-linear operators on ordered vector spaces that preserve or reverse the order structure. A bijective map that preserves the order in both directions is called an order isomorphism, and one that reverse the order in both directions is called an order antimorphism. These maps are closely related to the isometries of the Hilbert and Thompson metrics on the interior of the cone of positive elements.

The study of the order isomorphisms of an ordered vector space goes back to Alexandrov and Zeeman, who considered maps preserving the light cone that arises in special relativity. This work was extended to more general cones by Rothaus; Noll and Schäffer; and Artstein-Avidan and Slomka. It was shown, in the finite-dimensional case, that all isomorphisms are affine if the cone has no one-dimensional factors. There are also some results in infinite dimension—however these are unsatisfactory because of the strong assumptions that must be made in order to get the finite-dimensional techniques to work. For example, a typical assumption is that the positive cone is the convex hull of its extreme rays, which is overly restrictive in infinite dimension.

In a recent preprint [34], we broaden the scope of these results, requiring only very mild assumptions, namely that the spaces involved are complete order unit spaces. These are ordered vector spaces whose cone of positive elements is Archimedean, and that have an order unit, such that the norm induced by this order unit is complete. We show that the existence of an order isomorphism between two such spaces implies that they are in fact linearly isomorphic as ordered vector spaces.

In addition, we introduce a necessary and sufficient criterion for all order isomorphisms on a complete order-unit space to be affine. This criterion is in terms of the geometry of the dual cone. In the current setting, the dual cone has a cross-section called the state space, whose extreme points are called pure states. The closure of the set of pure states is known as the pure state space. The criterion is then that the union of the supports of the affine dependencies supported by the pure state space is dense in the pure state space.

#### Generalization of the Hellinger distance

Participant : Stéphane Gaubert.

In  [58] (joint work with Rajendra Bhatia of Ashoka University and Tanvi Jain, Indian Statistic Institute, New Delhi), we study some generalizations of the Hellinger distance to the space of positive definite matrices.

#### Spectral inequalities for nonnegative tensors and their tropical analogues

Participant : Stéphane Gaubert.

In [30] (joint work with Shmuel Friedland, University of Illinois at Chicago) we extend some characterizations and inequalities for the eigenvalues of nonnegative matrices, such as Donsker-Varadhan, Friedland-Karlin, Karlin-Ost inequalities, to nonnegative tensors. These inequalities are related to a correspondence between nonnegative tensors and ergodic control: the logarithm of the spectral radius of a tensor is given by the value of an ergodic problem in which instantaneous payments are given by a relative entropy. Some of these inequalities involve the tropical spectral radius, a limit of the spectral radius which we characterize combinatorially as the value of an ergodic Markov decision process.