Overall Objectives
New Software and Platforms
Bilateral Contracts and Grants with Industry
Partnerships and Cooperations
Bibliography
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## Section: Research Program

### Inland flow processes

#### Shallow water models with porosity

##### State of the Art

Simulating urban floods and free surface flows in wetlands requires considerable computational power. Two-dimensional shallow water models are needed. Capturing the relevant hydraulic detail often requires computational cell sizes smaller than one meter. For instance, meshing a complete urban area with a sufficient accuracy would require ${10}^{6}$ to ${10}^{8}$ cells, and simulating one second often requires several CPU seconds. This makes the use of such model for crisis management impossible. Similar issues arise when modelling wetlands and coastal lagoons, where large areas are often connected by an overwhelming number of narrow channels, obstructed by vegetation and a strongly variable bathymetry. Describing such channels with the level of detail required in a 2D model is impracticable. A new generation of models overcoming this issue has emerged over the last 20 years: porosity-based shallow water models. They are obtained by averaging the two-dimensional shallow water equations over large areas containing both water and a solid phase [29]. The size of a computational cell can be increased by a factor 10 to 50 compared to a 2D shallow water model, with CPU times reduced by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude [48]. While the research on porosity-based shallow water models has accelerated over the past decade [43], [59], [62], [39], [38], [48], [73], [74], [68], [69], a number of research issues remain pending.

##### Four year research objectives

The research objectives are (i) to improve the upscaling of the flux and source term models to be embedded in porosity shallow water models, (ii) to validate these models against laboratory and in situ measurements. Improving the upscaled flux and source term models for urban applications requires that description of anisotropy in porosity models be improved to account for the preferential flows induced by building and street alignment. The description of the porosity embedded in the most widespread porosity approach, the so-called Integral Porosity model [59], [41], has been shown to provide an incomplete description of the connectivity properties of the urban medium. Firstly, the governing equations are strongly mesh-dependent because of consistency issues [41]. Secondly, the flux and source term models fail to reproduce the alignment with the main street axes in a number of situations [40]. Another path for improvement concerns the upscaling of obstacle-induced drag terms in the presence of complex geometries. Recent upscaling research results obtained by the LEMON team in collaboration with Tour du Valat suggest that the effects of microtopography on the flow cannot be upscaled using "classical" equation-of-state approaches, as done in most hydraulic models. A totally different approach must be proposed. The next four years will be devoted to the development and validation of improved flux and source term closures in the presence of strongly anisotropic urban geometries and in the presence of strongly variable topography. Validation will involve not only the comparison of porosity model outputs with refined flow simulation results, but also the validation against experimental data sets. No experimental data set allowing for a sound validation of flux closures in porosity models can be found in the literature. Laboratory experiments will be developed specifically in view of the validation of porosity models. Such experiments will be set up and carried out in collaboration with the Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), that has an excellent track record in experimental hydraulics and the development of flow monitoring and data acquisition equipment. These activities will take place in the framework of the PoroCity Associate International Laboratory (see next paragraph).

##### People

Vincent Guinot, Carole Delenne, Pascal Finaud-Guyot, Antoine Rousseau.

##### External collaborations
• Tour du Valat (O. Boutron): the partnership with TdV focuses on the development and application of depth-dependent porosity models to the simulation of coastal lagoons, where the bathymetry and geometry is too complex to be represented using refined flow models.

• University of California Irvine (B. Sanders): the collaboration with UCI started in 2014 with research on the representation of urban anisotropic features in integral porosity models [48]. It has led to the development of the Dual Integral Porosity model [42]. Ongoing research focuses on improved representations of urban anisotropy in urban floods modelling.

• Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL (S. Soares-Frazão): UCL is one of the few places with experimental facilities allowing for the systematic, detailed validation of porosity models. The collaboration with UCL started in 2005 and will continue with the PoroCity Associate International Laboratory proposal. In this proposal, a four year research program is set up for the validation, development and parametrization of shallow water models with porosity.

• Luxembourg Institute of Technology (R. Hostache): the collaboration with LIST started in 2018 with the project CASCADE funded by the Fond National de la Recherche du Luxembourg, and the co-direction of Vita Ayoub. The depth-dependant porosity model is applied to simulate the flooding of the Severn river (UK).

#### Forcing

##### State of the Art

Reproducing optimally realistic spatio-temporal rainfall fields is of salient importance to the forcing of hydrodynamic models. This challenging task requires combining intense, usual and dry weather events. Far from being straightforward, this combination of extreme and non-extreme scenarii requires a realistic modelling of the transitions between normal and extreme periods. [52] have proposed in a univariate framework a statistical model that can serve as a generator and that takes into account low, moderate and intense precipitation. In the same vein, [70] developed a bivariate model. However, its extension to a spatial framework remains a challenge. Existing spatial precipitation stochastic generators are generally based on Gaussian spatial processes [15], [50], that are not adapted to generate extreme rainfall events. Recent advances in spatio-temporal extremes modelling based on generalized Pareto processes [32], [65] and semi-parametric simulation techniques [21] are very promising and could form the base for relevant developments in our framework.

##### People

Gwladys Toulemonde, Carole Delenne, Vincent Guinot.

##### External collaborations

The Cerise (2016-2018) and Fraise (2019-2021) projects (see 8.2), led by Gwladys Toulemonde, are funded by the action MANU (MAthematical and Numerical methods) of the CNRS LEFE program (Les Enveloppes Fluides et l'Environnement). Among others, they aim to propose methods for simulating scenarii integrating spatio-temporal extremes fields with a possible asymptotic independence for impact studies in environmental sciences. Among the members of this project, Jean-Noel Bacro (IMAG, UM), Carlo Gaetan (DAIS, Italy) and Thomas Opitz (BioSP, MIA, INRA) are involved in the first step as identified in the research objectives of the present sub-section. Denis Allard (BioSP, MIA, INRA), Julie Carreau (IRD, HSM) and Philippe Naveau (CNRS, LSCE) will be involved in the second one.

#### Parametrization of shallow water models with porosity

##### State of the Art

Numerical modelling requires data acquisition, both for model validation and for parameter assessment. Model benchmarking against laboratory experiments is an essential step and is an integral part of the team's strategy. However, scale model experiments may have several drawbacks: (i) experiments are very expensive and extremely time-consuming, (ii) experiments cannot always be replicated, and measurement have precision and reliability limitations, (iii) dimensional similarity (in terms of geometry and flow characteristic variables such as Froude or Reynolds numbers) cannot always be preserved.

An ideal way to obtain data would be to carry out in situ measurements. But this would be too costly at the scale of studied systems, not to mention the fact that field may become impracticable during flood periods.

Geographical and remote sensing data are becoming widely available with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Several recent studies have shown that flood extends can be extracted from optical or radar images [35], for example: to characterize the flood dynamics of great rivers [53], to monitor temporary ponds [63], but also to calibrate hydrodynamics models and assess roughness parameters (e.g. [72].

Upscaled models developed in LEMON (see 3.2.1) embed new parameters that reflect the statistical properties of the medium geometry and the subgrid topography. New methods are thus to be developed to characterize such properties from remote sensing and geographical data.

##### Four year research objectives

This research line consists in deriving methods and algorithms for the determination of upscaled model parameters from geodata.

For applications in urban areas, it is intended to extract information on the porosity parameters from National geographical survey databases largely available in developed countries. Such databases usually incorporate separate layers for roads, buildings, parking lots, yards, etc. Most of the information is stored in vector form, which can be expected to make the treatment of urban anisotropic properties easier than with a raster format. In developing countries, data is made increasingly available over the world thanks to crowdsourcing (e.g. OpenStreetMap) the required level of detail sometimes not available in vector format, especially in suburban areas, where lawns, parks and other vegetated areas, that may also contribute to flood propagation and storage, are not always mapped. In this context, the necessary information can be extracted from aerial and/or satellite images, that are widely available and the spatial resolution of which improves constantly, using supervised classification approaches.

For applications in great rivers the main objective is to develop an efficient framework for optimally integrating remote sensing derived flood information to compensate the lack of observation related to riverbed bathymetry and river discharge. The effective integration of such remote sensing-derived flood information into hydraulic models remains a critical issue. In partnership with R. Hostache (LIST), we will investigate new ways for making use of SEO data (i.e. flooded areas and water level estimates derived from SAR data collections) for retrieving uncertain model parameters and boundary conditions. The method will be developed and validated using synthetically generated data sets as well as real-event data retrieved from the European Space Agency’s archives. Extensive testing will be carried out in a number of high magnitude events recorded over the Severn (United Kingdom) and Zambezi (Mozambique) floodplain areas.

In wetlands applications, connectivity between different ponds is highly dependent on the free surface elevation, thus conditioning the presence of a flow. Characterizing such connectivity requires that topographical variations be known with high accuracy. Despite the increased availability of direct topographic measurements from LiDARS on riverine systems, data collection remains costly when wide areas are involved. Data acquisition may also be difficult when poorly accessible areas are dealt with. If the amount of topographic points is limited, information on elevation contour lines can be easily extracted from the flood dynamics visible in simple SAR or optical images. A challenge is thus to use such data in order to estimate continuous topography on the floodplain combining topographic sampling points and located contour lines the levels of which are unknown or uncertain.

##### People

Carole Delenne, Vincent Guinot, Antoine Rousseau, Pascal Finaud-Guyot

##### External collaborations
• A first attempt for topography reconstruction in wetlands was done in collaboration with J.-S. Bailly (LISAH) in 2016 [30]. It is intended to reactivate this topic in the coming years.

• Porosity model calibration for application on great rivers will be done in the framework of CASCADE project in collaboration with R. Hostache (LIST).

• A collaboration started with the LISAH laboratory to investigate the feasibility of depth-dependent porosity laws reconstruction over cultivates areas. LISAH personel involved: D. Feurer, D. Raclot.