Overall Objectives
Application Domains
New Software and Platforms
Partnerships and Cooperations
Bibliography
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## Section: New Results

### Energy management for hybrid vehicles

#### A stochastic data-based traffic model applied to vehicles energy consumption estimation

In [7], a new approach to estimate traffic energy consumption via traffic data aggregation in (speed,acceleration) probability distributions is proposed. The aggregation is done on each segment composing the road network. In order to reduce data occupancy, clustering techniques are used to obtain meaningful classes of traffic conditions. Different times of the day with similar speed patterns and traffic behavior are thus grouped together in a single cluster. Different energy consumption models based on the aggregated data are proposed to estimate the energy consumption of the vehicles in the road network. For validation purposes, a microscopic traffic simulator is used to generate the data and compare the estimated energy consumption to the reference one. A thorough sensitivity analysis with respect to the parameters of the proposed method (i.e. number of clusters, size of the distributions support, etc.) is also conducted in simulation. Finally, a real-life scenario using floating car data is analyzed to evaluate the applicability and the robustness of the proposed method.

#### A bi-level energy management strategy for HEVs under probabilistic traffic conditions

In [11], we propose a new approach to optimize the consumption of a hybrid electric vehicle taking into account the traffic conditions. The method is based on a bi-level decomposition in order to make the implementation suitable for online use. The offline lower level computes cost maps thanks to a stochastic optimization that considers the influence of traffic, in terms of speed/acceleration probability distributions. At the online upper level, a deterministic optimization computes the ideal state of charge at the end of each road segment, using the computed cost maps. Since the high computational cost due to the uncertainty of traffic conditions has been managed at the lower level, the upper level is fast enough to be used online in the vehicle. Errors due to discretization and computation in the proposed algorithm have been studied. Finally, we present numerical simulations using actual traffic data, and compare the proposed bi-level method to a deterministic optimization with perfect information about traffic conditions. The solutions show a reasonable over-consumption compared with deterministic optimization, and manageable computational times for both the offline and online parts.

#### An Eco-routing algorithm for HEVs under traffic conditions

In [12], an extension of the bi-level optimization for the energy management of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) proposed above to the eco-routing problem is presented. Using the knowledge of traffic conditions over the entire road network, we search both the optimal path and state of charge trajectory. This problem results in finding the shortest path on a weighted graph whose nodes are (position, state of charge) pairs for the vehicle, the edge cost being evaluated thanks to the cost maps from optimization at the 'micro' level of a bi-level decomposition. The error due to the discretization of the state of charge is proven to be linear if the cost maps are Lipschitz. The classical $A*$ algorithm is used to solve the problem, with a heuristic based on a lower bound of the energy needed to complete the travel. The eco-routing method is validated by numerical simulations and compared to the fastest path on a synthetic road network.